Air transportation means interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. Alert Area. An alert area is established to inform pilots of a specific area wherein a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aeronautical activity is conducted.
Alternate airport means an airport at which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable. Altitude engine means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible from sea level to an established higher altitude.
Amateur rocket means an unmanned rocket that:. Appliance means any instrument , mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus, appurtenance, or accessory, including communications equipment, that is used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight, is installed in or attached to the aircraft , and is not part of an airframe , engine, or propeller.
Approved , unless used with reference to another person , means approved by the FAA or any person to whom the FAA has delegated its authority in the matter concerned, or approved under the provisions of a bilateral agreement between the United States and a foreign country or jurisdiction. Area navigation RNAV is a method of navigation that permits aircraft operations on any desired flight path. Armed Forces means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard , including their regular and reserve components and members serving without component status.
Autorotation means a rotorcraft flight condition in which the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft is in motion. Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that serves either to counteract the effect of the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to maneuver the rotorcraft about one or more of its three principal axes.
Balloon means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater. Brake horsepower means the power delivered at the propeller shaft main drive or main output of an aircraft engine. Calibrated airspeed means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft , corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. Canard means the forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.
Canard configuration means a configuration in which the span of the forward wing is substantially less than that of the main wing. Examples include: airplane ; rotorcraft ; glider ; and lighter-than-air; and.
Examples include: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and provisional. Category A, with respect to transport category rotorcraft , means multiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system isolation features specified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and landing operations under a critical engine failure concept which assures adequate designated surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight in the event of engine failure.
Category B, with respect to transport category rotorcraft , means single-engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet all Category A standards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed stay-up ability in the event of engine failure and unscheduled landing is assumed. Category II operations, with respect to the operation of aircraft , means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport under a Category II ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or other appropriate authority.
Civil aircraft means aircraft other than public aircraft. Examples include: single engine; multiengine; land; water; gyroplane ; helicopter ; airship ; and free balloon ; and. Examples include: airplane ; rotorcraft ; glider ; balloon ; landplane; and seaplane. The clearway is expressed in terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not exceeding 1. However, threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height above the end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to each side of the runway.
Climbout speed, with respect to rotorcraft , means a referenced airspeed which results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity envelope during initial climbout.
Commercial operator means a person who, for compensation or hire, engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property, other than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part of this title. Consensus standard means, for the purpose of certificating light-sport aircraft , an industry-developed consensus standard that applies to aircraft design, production, and airworthiness.
It includes, but is not limited to, standards for aircraft design and performance, required equipment, manufacturer quality assurance systems, production acceptance test procedures, operating instructions, maintenance and inspection procedures, identification and recording of major repairs and major alterations, and continued airworthiness.
Controlled airspace means an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification. Controlled Firing Area.
A controlled firing area is established to contain activities, which if not conducted in a controlled environment, would be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. Crewmember means a person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during flight time. Critical altitude means the maximum altitude at which, in standard atmosphere , it is possible to maintain, at a specified rotational speed, a specified power or a specified manifold pressure. Unless otherwise stated, the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to maintain, at the maximum continuous rotational speed, one of the following:.
Critical engine means the engine whose failure would most adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft. Decision altitude DA is a specified altitude in an instrument approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach.
Decision altitude is expressed in feet above mean sea level. Decision height DH is a specified height above the ground in an instrument approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach.
Decision height is expressed in feet above ground level. EFVS operation means an operation in which visibility conditions require an EFVS to be used in lieu of natural vision to perform an approach or landing, determine enhanced flight visibility , identify required visual references, or conduct a rollout. Enhanced flight visibility EFV means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent topographical objects may be clearly distinguished and identified by day or night by a pilot using an enhanced flight vision system.
Enhanced flight vision system EFVS means an installed aircraft system which uses an electronic means to provide a display of the forward external scene topography the natural or manmade features of a place or region especially in a way to show their relative positions and elevation through the use of imaging sensors, including but not limited to forward-looking infrared, millimeter wave radiometry, millimeter wave radar, or low-light level image intensification.
An EFVS includes the display element, sensors, computers and power supplies, indications, and controls. Equivalent airspeed means the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude.
Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. Extended Operations ETOPS means an airplane flight operation, other than an all-cargo operation in an airplane with more than two engines, during which a portion of the flight is conducted beyond a time threshold identified in part or part of this chapter that is determined using an approved one-engine-inoperative cruise speed under standard atmospheric conditions in still air.
External load means a load that is carried, or extends, outside of the aircraft fuselage. External-load attaching means means the structural components used to attach an external load to an aircraft , including external-load containers, the backup structure at the attachment points, and any quick-release device used to jettison the external load.
Final approach fix FAF defines the beginning of the final approach segment and the point where final segment descent may begin. Final takeoff speed means the speed of the airplane that exists at the end of the takeoff path in the en route configuration with one engine inoperative.
Flame resistant means not susceptible to combustion to the point of propagating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is removed. Flammable, with respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to igniting readily or to exploding.
Flap extended speed means the highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position. Flash resistant means not susceptible to burning violently when ignited. Flightcrew member means a pilot, flight engineer, or flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time. Flight level means a level of constant atmospheric pressure related to a reference datum of Each is stated in three digits that represent hundreds of feet.
For example, flight level represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25, feet; flight level , an indication of 25, feet. Flight plan means specified information, relating to the intended flight of an aircraft , that is filed orally or in writing with air traffic control. Flight simulation training device FSTD means a full flight simulator or a flight training device. Flight training device FTD means a replica of aircraft instruments, equipment, panels, and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft cockpit replica.
It includes the equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft or set of aircraft operations in ground and flight conditions having the full range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part 60 of this chapter and the qualification performance standard QPS for a specific FTD qualification level. Flight visibility means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.
Foreign air carrier means any person other than a citizen of the United States , who undertakes directly, by lease or other arrangement, to engage in air transportation. Foreign air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft , or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the United States and any place outside thereof; whether such commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.
Foreign air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft , in commerce between a place in the United States and any place outside of the United States , whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation. Forward wing means a forward lifting surface of a canard configuration or tandem-wing configuration airplane.
The surface may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces. Full flight simulator FFS means a replica of a specific type; or make, model, and series aircraft cockpit. It includes the assemblage of equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft operations in ground and flight conditions, a visual system providing an out-of-the-cockpit view, a system that provides cues at least equivalent to those of a three-degree-of-freedom motion system, and has the full range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part 60 of this chapter and the qualification performance standards QPS for a specific FFS qualification level.
Glider means a heavier-than-air aircraft , that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces and whose free flight does not depend principally on an engine.
Ground visibility means prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth's surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service or an accredited observer. Go-around power or thrust setting means the maximum allowable in-flight power or thrust setting identified in the performance data. Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine-driven for takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for forward flight through part of its speed range, and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven, except for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
Helicopter means a rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion, depends principally on its engine-driven rotors. Heliport means an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters. Idle thrust means the jet thrust obtained with the engine power control level set at the stop for the least thrust position at which it can be placed. IFR conditions means weather conditions below the minimum for flight under visual flight rules.
Indicated airspeed means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors. In-flight shutdown IFSD means, for ETOPS only, when an engine ceases to function when the airplane is airborne and is shutdown, whether self induced, flightcrew initiated or caused by an external influence.
The FAA considers IFSD for all causes: for example, flameout, internal failure, flightcrew initiated shutdown, foreign object ingestion, icing, inability to obtain or control desired thrust or power, and cycling of the start control, however briefly, even if the engine operates normally for the remainder of the flight. This definition excludes the airborne cessation of the functioning of an engine when immediately followed by an automatic engine relight and when an engine does not achieve desired thrust or power but is not shutdown.
Instrument means a device using an internal mechanism to show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes electronic devices for automatically controlling an aircraft in flight. Instrument approach procedure IAP is a series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles and assurance of navigation signal reception capability.
It begins from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point:. Interstate air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft , or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the United States , or the District of Columbia, and a place in any other State of the United States , or the District of Columbia; or between places in the same State of the United States through the airspace over any place outside thereof; or between places in the same territory or possession of the United States , or the District of Columbia.
Interstate air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft in commerce:.
Intrastate air transportation means the carriage of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capable of carrying thirty or more persons, wholly within the same State of the United States.
Kite means a framework, covered with paper, cloth, metal, or other material, intended to be flown at the end of a rope or cable, and having as its only support the force of the wind moving past its surfaces. Landing gear extended speed means the maximum speed at which an aircraft can be safely flown with the landing gear extended. Landing gear operating speed means the maximum speed at which the landing gear can be safely extended or retracted.
Large aircraft means aircraft of more than 12, pounds, maximum certificated takeoff weight. Light-sport aircraft means an aircraft , other than a helicopter or powered-lift that, since its original certification, has continued to meet the following:. Lighter-than-air aircraft means aircraft that can rise and remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that is displaced by the gas.
Load factor means the ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water reactions. Long-range communication system LRCS. A system that uses satellite relay, data link, high frequency, or another approved communication system which extends beyond line of sight. Long-range navigation system LRNS. An electronic navigation unit that is approved for use under instrument flight rules as a primary means of navigation, and has at least one source of navigational input, such as inertial navigation system or global positioning system.
Mach number means the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound. Main rotor means the rotor that supplies the principal lift to a rotorcraft. Maintenance means inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and the replacement of parts, but excludes preventive maintenance.
Note that business aviation can be either commercial or GA depending on whether or not there is a charge for the service provided. For example, a corporate jet used to transport the company executives is considered non-commercial business aviation. If the same jet with the same crew was used to transport other people for a fee, this would be commercial business aviation. It should also be noted that general aviation is not a synonym for general air traffic. EASA clasifies civil aviation activities:.
A commercial operation is any operation of an aircraft, in return for remuneration or other valuable consideration, which is available to the public or, when not made available to the public, which is performed under a contract between an operator and a customer, where the latter has no control over the operator.
In short, if a service is provided for a charge using an aircraft, this is a commercial operation. CAT means an aircraft operation to transport passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or other valuable consideration.
CAT is a type of commercial operations. The other type of commercial operations is commercial specialised operations.
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